The new wireless technology combined with low-power, low-cost hardware enables home area networks to be affordable and easy to install for the average homeowner. At present, "home-awareness" services provided by various broadband and wireless telecommunication service providers can control the home system via the Internet or mobile phones. These wireless networking technologies are converging on a true smart grid solution that makes energy management more efficient while enhancing comfort, convenience and security. Consumers are the main source of energy consumption. In the United States, for example, the energy consumed by home accounts for one fifth of the national total each year, of which 60% is consumed by electricity. However, utilities can not do what they can to manage the dilemma of peak energy demand, and about 10% of the electricity generated today is only used less than 1%. However, if the demand for energy can be dynamically responded to the existing energy supply, there is no need to build a separate power plant as long as the goal of "saving high costs, improving reliability and energy efficiency" is achieved at home through energy grids .
Governments in North America, Australia, Europe and Asia are driving a smart grid to set up smart meters and a peer-to-peer demand response system, as many utility projects have smart meters installed. In addition, the emerging government policies that emphasize the modernization of the power grid also bring about momentum for the development of smart meters.
To that end, utilities are deploying advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) systems to connect the smart home's home area network to the hub of public utilities. Advanced meter infrastructure is the use of two-way smart meter communication technology, send and receive information and instructions between home and public utilities.
At home, the home area network connects communication thermostats, load switches, lighting systems, room displays, and automation to smart meters (or separate gateways). This network can collect information and send it to consumers and other places outside the public utilities themselves. This information can be used for a variety of purposes, including price-per-use pricing, demand response, and long-distance service suspension. Using the smart surveillance capabilities of the Home Area Network, consumers can gain a better understanding of their energy usage patterns and enable energy demand to respond dynamically to existing energy supplies. As a result, consumers benefit from cost, reliability and energy efficiency without sacrificing comfort.
Importing ZigBee Technologies Home Networks Energy Management More Effective Global standards for wireless networks ZigBee is designed for surveillance applications. ZigBee is an ultra-low power wireless mesh networking technology that embeds wireless communications into a wide range of smart energy or home area networking devices, including smart meters, temperature control, lighting ballasts, smoke alarms, security alerts, Neither need to increase the high development costs, nor need to set up the physical circuit to be prosperous.
ZigBee can combine devices into powerful wireless mesh networks to auto-configure and self-repair, and let many individual devices rely on the kinetic energy of the battery, which can be long-running. In addition, ZigBee not only provides wireless control technology for smart energy, home automation, lighting, commercial building automation, and a wide variety of sensing and monitoring applications, but has also become a standard for home LAN applications.
After the ZigBee Smart Energy (SE) Profile was introduced in early 2008, the ZigBee standard took a big step toward energy management in the home area network. SE Profile sets new standards for secure, easy-to-use home area network devices such as programmable thermostats and interior displays. ZigBee Smart Energy provides a truly open standard for utilities to implement home area network communications. It also benefits consumers by enabling them to harness the power of automation and near-instant messaging to intelligently manage their own energy consumption and the ability to choose interoperable products from a variety of manufacturers (Figure 1).
IoT ZigBee technology makes home management more effective
Figure 1 wireless link to the home area network for consumers with greater convenience and cost. Source: ZigBee Alliance
Hobbing uses a hobbing machine with two skew spindles, one mounted with a blank workpiece and the other with the hob. The angle between the hob's spindle (axis) and the workpiece's spindle varies, depending on the type of product being produced. For example, if a spur gear is being produced, then the hob is angled equal to the lead angle of the hob; if a helical gear is being produced then the angle must be increased by the same amount as the helix angle of the helical gear. The hobbing features for gears are straight, helical, straight bevel, face, crowned, worm, cylkro and chamfering. The two shafts are rotated at a proportional ratio, which determines the number of teeth on the blank; for example, for a single-threaded hob if the gear ratio is 40:1 the hob rotates 40 times to each turn of the blank, which produces 40 teeth in the blank. If the hob has multiple threads the speed ratio must be multiplied by the number of threads on the hob. The hob is then fed up into the workpiece until the correct tooth depth is obtained. Finally the hob is fed through the workpiece parallel to the blank's axis of rotation.
Often, during mass production multiple blanks are stacked using a suitable fixture, then cut in one operation.
For very large gears the blank can be gashed to the rough shape first to make hobbing easier.
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