The petrochemical industry is China's basic industry, providing basic raw materials and energy security for industrial and agricultural production and people's lives. But at the same time, the wastewater generated by the petrochemical industry will also cause serious environmental pollution. At present, China's petrochemical production scale tends to be large-scale, and various solvents, additives, and additives need to be added during the production process and then undergo various reactions. Therefore, the amount of sewage water is large and the composition is quite complex. In particular, the emissions of toxic and hazardous pollutants such as petroleum, volatile phenol, and cyanide are the highest in the industry.
At the Water Affairs Forum, Zhou Yuexi, deputy chief engineer of the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, pointed out that the petrochemical industry is a key industry for pollution control and water saving that is explicitly required by the “Water 10â€. Water pollution control has become a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of the chemical industry. There is an urgent need to build a complete process control technology system for wastewater pollution in the petrochemical industry.
American Petroleum Refining Industry Water Pollutant Emission Standard
Similarly, the United States, which is also an important basic industry in the petroleum refining industry, has early promulgated the standards for the discharge of water pollutants from the petroleum refining industry and has made important contributions to the reduction of water pollution. The US standards for the discharge of pollutants from the petroleum refining industry are compiled in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR Part 419). The main control items are as follows:
Table 1 Example of Water Pollutant Emission Standard for Petroleum Refinery Industry Unit: gm-3 (except pH)
Analysis of Domestic and Foreign Wastewater Discharge Standards and Treatment Technologies in the Petrochemical Industry
The law has enforceable legal effects and is widely applicable to the petroleum refining industry. In addition, the standard is a dynamic and increasingly stringent standard. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regularly reiterates these standards and, based on technological improvements, revises standards as necessary to ensure that standards are feasible.
China's petrochemical industry water pollutant discharge standards
In order to prevent pollution of petroleum refining industrial wastewater to the environment, China's earliest implementation of the “Emission Standard for Water Pollutants for Petroleum Refining Industryâ€, which was implemented on October 1, 1983, was later adopted as GB 8978-1996 Integrated Wastewater Discharge. Replaced by the standard. Later, China successively issued more than 30 industrial water pollutant discharge standards, but did not include the petroleum refining industry. However, the “Comprehensive Effluent Discharge Standard†has only one COD per pollution indicator for the petroleum refining industry, while the rest implements comprehensive standards and does not take into account the characteristics of the petroleum refining industry.
HJ 2045-2014 "Technical Specifications for Oil Refining Industrial Wastewater Treatment Project" implemented on March 1, 2015 specifies the technical requirements for the design, construction, acceptance, and operation management of petroleum refining industrial wastewater treatment projects.
The GB31570-2015 “Petroleum Refining Industry Pollutant Discharge Standard†and GB “Petrochemical Industry Pollutant Discharge Standardâ€, which was implemented on July 1, 2015, stipulated the petroleum refining industry enterprises and petrochemical industrial enterprises. The limits, monitoring, and supervision and management requirements for water pollutants and air pollutants in their production facilities. Among them, the discharge standards for water pollutants from newly-built enterprises' petroleum refining industrial enterprises are shown in Table 2:
Table 2 Emission Standards of Water Pollutants for Newly-established Enterprises in the Petroleum Refining Industry (Units Excluding pH)
Analysis of Domestic and Foreign Wastewater Discharge Standards and Treatment Technologies in the Petrochemical Industry
Singapore petrochemical wastewater treatment technology
As one of the major refining bases in Southeast Asia and one of the world's major refinery and petrochemical hubs, Singapore has leading global oil refining companies including Exxon Mobil, Shell, Chevron, and Total. However, Singapore has a narrow national territory and a serious shortage of water resources. Therefore, the achievements in the treatment of industrial refinery water are worth learning from.
Singapore’s wastewater undergoes a rigorous four-treatment process and eventually becomes safe water that can be reused or even directly consumed. The four processes are: First, traditional wastewater treatment; Second, microfiltration technology, using a filter membrane to remove suspended water Particles, colloidal particles, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, etc.; Third, reverse osmosis technology, the use of semi-permeable membrane filter out of the water pollutants; Fourth, ultraviolet disinfection, to further ensure water quality and ensure the purity of water.
Treated water is called "new water." According to experts’ assessment, Singapore’s new water quality indicators are better than current tap water, and the cleanliness level is higher than the drinking water standards of the US Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization. In addition, the National University of Singapore’s School of Environmental Studies conducts research on petrochemical and refinery waters, such as research on advanced water and wastewater treatment technologies that aim at water reuse.
China's petrochemical wastewater treatment technology
In general, for difficult petrochemical wastewater, China often uses biological treatment as the main process, physical and chemical methods as pretreatment and advanced treatment.
The physical treatment techniques include membrane separation, air floatation, oil separation, and adsorption. Gas floatation is a commonly used method for the pretreatment of petrochemical wastewater, with low cost, high treatment efficiency and no secondary pollution. The same applies to the grease separation method, but the oil slick collected by this method is a hazardous waste and needs to be processed by a qualified unit. Membrane separation technology and adsorption method have a better treatment effect on the odor and color of the petrochemical wastewater, and the removal rate of organic matter and suspended solids is also high. However, the operating cost is high and regular replacement of membranes and activated carbon is required, and secondary pollution is likely to occur. Activated carbon adsorption is generally used for subsequent advanced treatment.
Chemical treatment technology mainly includes: oxidation and flocculation. Oxidation method can effectively remove the color and odor in the water, and also can oxidize the non-biodegradable substances in the wastewater. It has strong ability to adapt to changes in the amount of water and water, and the reaction speed is fast. Among them, the ozone oxidation method is used more often and is used in the advanced treatment of petrochemical wastewater. Flocculation uses a coagulant to remove organic matter, turbidity, and color from the water. Commonly used coagulants are inorganic agents (such as aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, etc.) and organic chemicals (polyacrylamide, etc.).
Compared with other methods, biochemical processing technology has the characteristics of large processing volume, good processing effect, simple operation and management, and low operating cost. Divided into aerobic, anaerobic and combined processes
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