The term "robot" first appeared in a sci-fi screenplay by the 1920 Czech writer Kareer Kappe. In 1961, the first true industrial robot was born in the United States and was installed at General Motors. In the recent 20 years, robot-related technologies have been rapidly developed. Robots are not only used extensively in the field of manufacturing, but also used in fields such as medicine, education, entertainment, family services, emergency rescue, field surveying, resource development and military equipment
Robot technology with each passing day
Early industrial robot is accomplished by "teaching playback" mode of simple repetitive operation, i.e., by an operator input or remote control industrial machinery reaches the spatial position of the point series arm of the robot and sequentially repeating the recording position of the point in the job sequence. This method is not only suitable for batch and fixed operation such as simple handling and assembly, but also effective for some complicated operations. Therefore, in terms of the ease of use and safety of "Teach-In Reproduction" method, There are many studies to do to adapt to complex operations, reduce system debugging time and improve work efficiency.
With the expansion of robotics applications in the manufacturing industry, industrial robots must meet the requirements of high speed, high precision, heavy load, intelligent and multi-machine coordination to meet more complicated, precise, reliable and fast-paced operations. Industrial robots and manufacturing processes, the integration of the manufacturing process, with the support system, but also greatly affect the overall performance of the manufacturing system. In the meantime, when the industrial robots extend from a closed workstation on a mass production line to a shared openwork space in which people and robots work together closely, man-machine collaboration and safety issues have become new hot spots in recent years.
In the recent 20 years, robot-related technologies have been rapidly developed. Robots are not only widely used in the field of manufacturing, but also play an important role in fields such as medicine, education, entertainment, family service, emergency rescue, field investigation, resource development and military equipment. Under the operation of a doctor, surgical robots have been able to complete minimally invasive surgery such as brain surgery, cardiovascular intervention and orthopedics. The robotic capsule can enter the digestive tract to complete the test. Rehabilitation robots can assist stroke and paralyzed patients in motor rehabilitation. Helps to help robots, smart prostheses are convenient for the elderly, people with disabilities work and life.
Robot soccer, bionic robot fish, humanoid robots and other popular science education robots, attracting the majority of young people's attention to science and technology, and promote the dissemination of knowledge. Partner robots, imitation animal robots, tour guides robots have also entered the personal entertainment, public services. Vacuum robot, cooking robots have been gradually practical, and into the family. EOD robots, rotor helicopters, line inspection robots and so on have also been applied in various emergency treatment operations. Deep-sea robots and robots for exploration of Mars have also played an important role in resource exploration, exploration and exploration of extraterrestrials. However, intelligent unmanned vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned ships and unmanned submersibles have become an important direction for the development of military equipment in the future.
R & D robotics and systems are highly valued by governments, research institutes and enterprises
China plans to focus on the research and development of industrial robots and service robots in the programs of 863 Program, Natural Science Foundation and major projects of science and technology. Cost-effective industrial robots and their manufacturing systems combined with production processes and processes will promote industrial upgrading in China and ease the constraints on industrial development caused by factors such as labor shortage. Different forms of service robots will play an important role in solving social problems such as aging and promoting social development and fostering emerging industries.
The United States, the European Union, Japan, South Korea and other countries have carried out extensive research in the field of robotics, but the fields of concern and advantages are not the same. The United States has its own technology in areas such as industrial robots, humanoid robots, personal / household services and other fields in areas such as national defense, military, aerospace, biology, medical care and services. In the fields of industrial robots, biology, medical services and services, Advantage.
The United States Department of Defense, NASA, National Institutes of Health and other departments to support a large number of robot-related research work. Global Hawk, Predator, Scanning Eagle and a series of fixed-wing UAVs that have been used for long-range reconnaissance and attack. At the same time, new UAVs such as the Hypersonic UAV system are under development. Autonomous underwater vehicle Nereus can dive 10,902 meters to complete the exploration. Underwater imitation of fish, underwater gliding and other mechanisms of underwater robot is also research and development. The BigDog, a hydraulically driven quadruped robot developed to meet the complex road conditions in mountainous terrain, AlphaDog can load 150kg and travel more than 20km on grasslands, snowfields, slopes and gravel. Cheetah, a four-legged robot with high speed movement, is also under development in the field with six unmanned combat vehicles.
Petman, the hydraulically driven bipedal walking robot, not only shows good flexibility and responsiveness, but also has fast walking speed. Small reconnaissance robots, all kinds of mobile robots and other ground-breaking robot has also been in combat applications. Wearable lower extremity bone load device BLEEX allows users to load 70 kg normal walking. Mars exploration robots Pathfinder, Courage, Opportunity and Curiosity have all successfully landed and conducted scientific research. Curiosity robots are powered by nuclear batteries and are equipped with working arms and Camera and other observation instruments. Robonaut2, a humanoid, dual-arm robot astronaut, has been sent to the International Space Station for in-flight service testing.
The EU carried out a great deal of cooperative research within the framework of the Seventh Framework Program, and all member countries also supported the research on robotics according to their own needs. Such as NEURON, a unmanned combat aircraft developed jointly by Europe, Alitalia, a submarine robot developed by France, and German Space Center developed a dexterous hand for space operations. In industrial robots, Sweden Switzerland ABB, Germany KUKA and other companies have strong research and development capabilities.
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