1. New energy vehicle battery type
From the perspective of the development of new energy vehicles around the world, its power sources mainly include lithium-ion batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, fuel cells, lead-acid batteries, and supercapacitors [2]. Lead-acid batteries and supercapacitors are mostly in the form of auxiliary power sources. appear.
A: Lead-acid battery
Lead-acid batteries have a history of more than 100 years and are widely used as starting power sources for internal combustion engine vehicles. It is also a mature electric vehicle battery, which has good reliability, easy availability of raw materials and low price; the specific power can basically meet the power requirements of electric vehicles. However, it has two major drawbacks; one is lower than energy, the mass and volume are too large, and the mileage is short on one charge; the other is short service life and high cost of use.
B: Nickel-metal hydride battery
Nickel-metal hydride batteries are alkaline batteries. Nickel-metal hydride batteries have a long service life and no memory effect, but the price is high. Although its initial acquisition cost is high, its long-term practical use cost is not high due to its advantages in terms of energy and service life. At present, the company that produces electric vehicle nickel-metal hydride batteries abroad is mainly a joint venture company of Ovonie, Toyota and Panasonic. Ovonie has 80A·h and 130A·h unit cells with a specific energy of 75-80W·h/kg and a cycle life of more than 600 cycles. The battery is installed on several electric vehicles. One type of vehicle can travel 345km on a single charge, and one vehicle travels more than 80,000 kilometers a year. Due to the high price, it has not yet been mass-produced. Domestically, 55A·h and 100A·h unit batteries have been developed, with a specific energy of 65 W·h/kg and a power density of more than 800 W/kg.
C: lithium ion battery
As a new high-voltage, high-energy-density rechargeable battery, lithium-ion secondary batteries have unique physical and electrochemical properties and have broad prospects for civil and defense applications. Its outstanding features are: light weight, large energy storage, no pollution, no memory effect, and long service life. Under the same volume weight, the lithium battery has 1.6 times the storage capacity of nickel-metal hydride batteries and 4 times that of nickel-cadmium batteries. At present, humans only use 20% to 30% of their theoretical power, and the development prospects are very bright. . At the same time, it is a true green battery that does not pollute the environment. It is the best battery that can be applied to electric vehicles. Since the 1990s, China has developed and utilized lithium-ion batteries, and has made breakthroughs so far, and has developed lithium-ion batteries with independent intellectual property rights.
D: nickel-cadmium battery
The application of nickel-cadmium batteries is second only to lead-acid batteries, and its specific energy can reach 55W·h/kg, and the specific power exceeds 190W/kg. It can be quickly charged and has a long cycle life. It is more than twice as long as lead-acid batteries, and can reach more than 2,000 times, but the price is 4 to 5 times that of lead-acid batteries. Although its initial acquisition cost is high, its long-term practical use cost is not high due to its advantages in terms of energy and service life. The disadvantage is that there is a "memory effect", which is easy to reduce the available capacity of the battery due to poor charging and discharging. It must be fully charged and discharged after about ten times of use. If there is already a "memory effect", it should be continuously charged and discharged 3 to 5 times in a row to release the memory. In addition, cadmium is toxic, and it is necessary to pay attention to recycling work during use to avoid environmental pollution caused by cadmium.
E: sodium-sulfur battery
Advantages of sodium-sulfur batteries: One is higher than energy. Its theoretical specific energy is 760W·h/kg, which is actually more than 100W·h/kg, which is 3-4 times that of lead-acid batteries; the other is high-current, high-power discharge. The discharge current density is generally up to 200-300 mA/mm2, and its intrinsic energy can be released three times instantaneously; the other is high charging and discharging efficiency. Since a solid electrolyte is used, there is no self-discharge and side reaction which usually employs a liquid electrolyte secondary battery, and the charge and discharge current efficiency is almost 100%. The disadvantage of sodium-sulfur battery is that its working temperature is 300-350 °C. Therefore, the battery needs certain heating and heat preservation when working. The high temperature corrosion is serious and the battery life is short. High-performance vacuum insulation technology has been used to effectively solve this problem. There are also problems such as poor performance stability and poor safety of use. In the 1980s and 1990s, foreign countries focused on the development of sodium-sulfur batteries as a fixed application (such as power storage), and increasingly showed its superiority. Japanese companies have made the most significant progress in this regard. As a recently optimistic electric vehicle battery, it has been listed as a medium-term electric vehicle battery by the US Advanced Battery Association (USMABC). The B240K type sodium-sulfur battery produced by ABB Company of Germany has a mass of 17.5kg and a storage capacity of 19.2Kw. h; specific energy up to 109W·h/kg, cycle life of 1200 times, the best one in the loading test was 2300km without fault.
2. New energy vehicle battery advantage type
In February 2009, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Science and Technology issued the “Interim Measures for the Administration of Financial Subsidy Funds for the Demonstration and Promotion of Energy-Saving and New Energy Vehiclesâ€, referring to the use of lead-acid batteries and hybrids using nickel-metal hydride batteries and lithium-ion batteries. The car subsidies, the maximum subsidy is 80,000 yuan / vehicle and 420,000 yuan / vehicle. The new energy vehicle subsidies released in June 2010 use battery capacity as the only indicator to determine subsidies, and lead-acid batteries are completely denied. The definition of new energy vehicles in the previous period included the lead-acid battery project, and the power battery that was explicitly subsidized this time did not include lead-acid batteries. And nickel-metal hydride batteries, which are the main force of hybrid power, will also be subsidized. It can be seen that at the policy level, the largest benefit of lithium-ion power batteries and supercapacitors.
3. New energy vehicle battery price trends
In terms of price trends, the current price of fast-charged lithium-ion power batteries for electric vehicles is around $1600/kwh, and the price of ordinary lithium-ion power batteries is $500/kwh. According to the current price trend of US gasoline and electricity, the entire life cycle of automobiles Within the 100km endurance, the fast-charged lithium-ion power battery electric vehicle is 25% more expensive than the gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine. Once the price of electric vehicles for electric vehicles drops to $200-300/kwh, the cost of using electric vehicles will be comparable to that of conventional cars. According to the forecast, with the encouragement of relevant policies of various countries, the demand for lithium ion for electric vehicles in the world will be close to 50Gwh in 2020. The cost of fast-charged batteries is expected to drop to $400-500/kwh in 2020, and the price of ordinary power batteries can drop to $200-300/kwh. .
Edit this paragraph new energy vehicle charging station
A car charging station is similar to a car filling station and is a "power-on" device. It is a high-efficiency charger that can quickly charge mobile phone electric vehicles and other electric vehicles.
As a demonstration pilot for China Southern Power Grid energy-saving and new energy vehicle applications, Guangzhou's first public electric vehicle charging station was put into operation in the Asian Games City on November 8, 2010. The charging station is located between Nansha Port Express and Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway. The charging service facility and the business hall are all in one. The charging pile provides services 24 hours a day, and the fast access channel for on-site electricity purchase is built. It is also the “exclusive†business outlet of the Asian Games City.
The charging station implements the charging technical standard developed by China Southern Power Grid to provide three-phase charging power for electric vehicles. Compared with the single-phase power supply adopted by another technical standard, the three-phase power supply has three times the output power per unit time, and the charging efficiency is high. It takes less time. For example, a single AC charging pile with a rated power of 21 kilowatts can fill an electric car in only three hours, reducing the time cost of using an electric vehicle. The charging station is not only convenient to charge, but also introduces convenient facilities such as convenience stores in the second phase of construction.
Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau plans to build 61 bus charging stations, 54 public charging stations and 80110 slow charging stations, covering 12 districts and counties in the city by 2015. Power grid enterprises will take the lead in testing water and lead the new trend of energy saving green.
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