Demonstrate the results of the five crops of corn stalks and start the battle for the utilization of corn stalks

[ China Agricultural Machinery Industry News ] "The land under my feet has never been so soft. In the past few years, if you look at it, it’s all hard, and the cars can’t be pushed out. Everything is good. It is because we have turned the corn stalks back into the fields." In mid-October, the corn harvest in Jilin Songyuan was just around the corner. At the "Experience exchange and on-site observation meeting on the comprehensive utilization of corn stalks in the northeast region", a local farmer told the Journal of Chinese Academy of Sciences. reporter.

As a regional alliance under the framework of the National Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Alliance, the Northeast Region Regional Corn Straw Comprehensive Utilization Collaborative Innovation Alliance convened this meeting to showcase the comprehensive utilization results of corn straw resources such as fertilizer, feed, energy and substrate. A tough battle for the utilization of corn stalks.

Change the current situation

Li Zhenjun, a villager from Dongxing Village, Chaoyangpo Town, Gongzhuling City, Jilin Province, has been planting for 27 years. In recent years, he has found some problems plaguing himself and other farmers.

“The corn planting density is high, the production level is going up, the amount of corn stalks is increasing, and the household electrical equipment and agricultural machinery are rapidly spreading, making corn stalks less and less, and more and more are left. Many straws Burned directly in the ground." Li Zhenjun told reporters that the straw was not used well and caused pollution.

Northeast China is one of the three largest gold belts in the world. It is also a large corn production area in China. The annual output of corn stalks collected is 170 million tons, accounting for 48% of the national corn stalk resources. It is a key area for comprehensive utilization of corn stalks in China. .

“The northeast region lacks innovative support for the utilization of corn stalk resources, resulting in the lack of sufficient straw resources to play its due role. The total utilization rate is less than 50%, and the rest are discarded or incinerated, which is a difficult point for comprehensive utilization of straw. Wang Lichun, director and researcher of the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, said.

Not only that, Li Zhenjun also found that people did not know when to give up the land, when using the small four-wheel tractor to complete the work, the depth of operation is more than ten centimeters, resulting in shallower tillage, thickening of the bottom of the plow; The less you come, the more you rely on fertilizers to increase production, resulting in the harder the soil, the thinner the species.

Due to the predatory operation, the organic matter of cultivated land in the black soil area has dropped significantly, from 5% to less than 3%. Corn stalk is an important source of soil organic matter and an important material basis for the sustainable development of crop and aquaculture. How to use corn in black soil is how to use it in black soil. This is also a major issue in the utilization of agricultural resources and environmental protection.

"Integrated utilization of straw fertilizer resources, feedstock, energy, and substrate in accordance with local conditions, and effectively promote the comprehensive utilization of corn stalks in Northeast China, is conducive to providing farmers in Northeast China with a channel to increase income, which is conducive to solving the Northeast. The protection of black land in the region is also conducive to consolidating the strategic position of the golden corn belt in the Northeast. It is of great significance.” Mei Xurong, deputy secretary general of the National Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Alliance and director of the Science and Technology Administration of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, accepted the journal of the Journal of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Said in the interview.

The comprehensive utilization of corn stalks in the northeast region is one of the 12 projects signed at the end of 2016 at the National Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Alliance Working Conference. It is also one of the 20 key tasks of the 2017 National Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Alliance. In February of this year, the Northeast Region Rice Straw Comprehensive Utilization Synergy Innovation Alliance (hereinafter referred to as the Alliance) was launched.

Wu Xinghong, the president of the Alliance and the president of the Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, said that it is planned to use a period of 3 to 5 years to integrate and innovate a batch of technologically advanced and practical resource utilization technologies, which will form a reasonable layout in the northeast region. The comprehensive utilization pattern of corn stalks combined with main and diversified utilization can achieve a direct return rate of corn stalks of more than 60%, and a comprehensive utilization rate of resources of more than 90%.

Returning to the field

In the fall of 2015, Li Zhenjun came to a group of scientists in the field, and it was Wang Lichun who led the team. “Experts said that we would like to carry out demonstration and promotion of corn stalk deep-turning technology. I agreed with the idea of ​​trying it out.” Li Zhenjun said.

The alliance was initiated by the Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and was jointly established by the Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, and the Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation. Wang Lichun is a scientist in the Northeast Regional Corn Straw Comprehensive Utilization Project.

Based on many ecological and climatic conditions, agricultural machinery and agronomic supporting technologies in the northeast region, the Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Agricultural Reclamation have established a “machine-grinding-deep-turning-------- The repression of the whole process of mechanized corn stalks is the core of the field.

There are 667 垧 land in Minle Village, Ningjiang District, Songyuan City, Jilin Province, which has joined the cooperative and adopted the technology of deep-turning corn stalks from the Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Zhang Zhifeng, secretary of the branch of the village branch, told the reporter of the Chinese Journal of Science and Technology, "We smashed the straw to less than 10 cm while harvesting the corn, and then turned it over to 20 to 30 cm of soil and slashed it. The second year of May It is planted in wide and narrow rows. After heavy crushing, the operation procedure of fertilizing sowing, drip irrigation pipe, spraying herbicide, film coating and covering soil is completed once by the film planter."

"It is the key to verify the success of returning to the field after the straw is returned to the field." Wang Lichun said. Li Zhenjun found that the experts solved the problem with a set of techniques, not only good seedlings, but also good seedlings.

"Deeply turning over 30 cm, the straw can be buried below 20 cm, the spring is mechanically broadcast, does not affect the seeding and emergence, and the seedlings are strong. The straw that has been turned back to the field can be rotten in the same year, can fertilize the soil and break the plow. The bottom layer has the function of water storage and protection, strong drought resistance, high yield and good efficiency.” Li Zhenjun said that in 2016, there was a queue of contending for the situation in the vicinity of their village.

The project constructed a technical system for deep-turning corn stalks in the middle and eastern rainfed areas and western irrigated areas. "Compared with conventional production, the corn stalk deep-turning technology system can increase soil organic matter by 12.4%, fertilizer utilization efficiency by 10.6%~30.2%. The water use efficiency of the western irrigated area increased by 43.1% on average." Wang Lichun said.

According to reports, the central region can increase production by 10% per hectare, and increase income by 1,000 yuan; combined with drip irrigation in the western region, it can increase production by more than 40%, and increase income by more than 2,000 yuan.

Zhang Zhifeng had already calculated an account: "In 2016, the cooperatives turned back to the land of the land (Editor's Note: 1 hectare of hectares in the northeast region), producing 16,000 kilograms of wet food, 4500 kilograms more than the farmers themselves. Our food Good quality, can sell 4 cents per catty. Although the price of corn in 2016 has fallen sharply, the farmers who have joined the community still increase their income by about 6,000 yuan, which has significant economic, social and ecological benefits."

Diversified utilization pattern

"The alliance should focus on the agricultural technology of returning corn directly to the field and returning the soil to the field, taking into account industrialization technologies such as straw energyization and substrateization, increasing scientific and technological innovation, and cracking the key bottlenecks in the utilization of corn straw resources in Northeast China." Wu Xinghong told reporters.

In Mei Xurong's view, the utilization of corn stalks is a systematic project with high social ecological benefits and wide coverage. Through scientific and technological innovation and mechanism innovation, the alliance was established only for 8 months. On the basis of years of technical accumulation, all units have obtained a number of new results from the use of corn stalks, and the demonstration and promotion have achieved initial results.

Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry and Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences have developed a new series of straw biological feed products, herbivorous livestock fermented mixed feed products, and compound microbial starters, creating a full blend of corn stover + silage + concentrate and rumen regulators. Feed fattening cattle breeding mode (TMR). The corn stalk utilization rate after feed development is 75%, and the straw consumption is 9 million tons.

In terms of energy utilization, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences has carried out systematic research on straw production of biogas in cold regions. Straw pretreatment storage technology, biogas warming and thermal insulation technology, high concentration dry fermentation and other technologies have made certain breakthroughs, and initially formed a severe cold region. The key technology model of straw biogas recycling.

Through the cooperation of science and technology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences has developed a new generation of straw-bundled direct-fired boilers – the “three provinces” biomass boilers, which have been invented by the state. The “three provinces” boiler adopts the fuel inversion and the flameless low-oxygen layer combustion method, which realizes the straw-bundled direct combustion heating utilization mode without the need to consume the energy to process the straw into the forming fuel. At present, the technology has entered more than 2,000. Farmers at home.

Straw seedling substrate, straw seedling tray/钵, straw vegetable cultivation substrate, edible fungus cultivation... Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences to develop straw seedling substrate and standardized seedling and straw cultivation The key technologies such as edible fungi have been tackled, and a technical system centered on “stalk-based utilization” has been established, which effectively solves the technical problem of low-yield and poor quality of farmland cultivation, soil borrowing and straw cultivation of edible fungi. , improve the overall benefits of agriculture.

“Paining the combination of traditional methods and modern technologies, gradually forming a pattern of regionalization, specialization and industrialization, putting priority on improving the utilization efficiency of straw resources, increasing soil organic matter and fertilizing soil, reducing agricultural production costs, and promoting sustainable agricultural development. Mei Xurong said that in addition to continuing to strengthen the development and research of key technologies for comprehensive utilization of straw, the alliance should further promote demonstration and promotion to achieve industrialized operation.

Liao Xiyuan, director of the Department of Science and Technology Education of the Ministry of Agriculture, said that the achievements since the establishment of the alliance have markedly marked the beginning of the orderly development of the comprehensive utilization of corn stalks in the northeast region. The next step is to "play the typical guiding role of demonstrations, strengthen the support of financial policies, and stimulate The vitality of the market main body will further promote the comprehensive utilization of corn stalks."